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Most of the special features listed above are available for models with both continuous and categorical latent variables. The following special features are also available:
Mplus建模框架
建模数据的目的是以简单的方式描述数据结构,便于理解和解释。本质上,数据建模相当于变量之间的一组关系。下图表示了在Mplus建模中的关系类型。矩形表示观测变量,观测变量可以是结果变量或背景变量。背景变量为X,连续和截尾结果变量为y,二元、有序范畴(序数),无序分类(名词)和计数结果变量为u。圆圈代表潜变量。允许连续变量和类别变量,连续潜变量为f,分类潜变量为c。
图中的箭头表示变量之间的回归关系。回归关系是允许的,但在图中没有具体说明,包括观测到的结果变量之间的回归,连续潜变量之间的回归以及类别潜变量的回归。对于连续结果变量,使用的是线性回归模型。对于结果变量,在删截点有或没有通货膨胀,审查(tobit)都使用回归模型。对于二进制和有序分类结果,使用概率或logistic回归模型。对于无序的分类结果,使用多项式logistic回归模型。对于计数结果,不管通货膨胀率是否为零,都使用Poisson和负二项回归模型。
Mplus模型包括连续的潜变量、分类潜变量、连续变量和类别潜变量的组合。上图中,圆柱A描述只有潜在连续变量的模型。圆柱B描述只有特定潜变量的模型。完整的建模框架描述了连续变量和类别变量相结合的模型。上图表明,Mplus估计的描述个体水平的多层次模型(内部)和集群水平(之间)的变量。
Latent class analysis with random effects
Factor mixture modeling
Structural equation mixture modeling
Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes
Discrete-time survival mixture analysis
Continuous-time survival mixture analysis
Mplus has several options for the estimation of models with missing data. Mplus provides maximum likelihood estimation under MCAR (missing completely at random), MAR (missing at random), and NMAR (not missing at random) for continuous, censored, binary, ordered categorical (ordinal), unordered categorical (nominal), counts, or combinations of these variable types (Little & Rubin, 2002). MAR means that missingness can be a function of observed covariates and observed outcomes. For censored and categorical outcomes using weighted least squares estimation, missingness is allowed to be a function of the observed covariates but not the observed outcomes. When there are no covariates in the model, this is analogous to pairwise present analysis. Non-ignorable missing data (NMAR) modeling is possible using maximum likelihood estimation where categorical outcomes are indicators of missingness and where missingness can be predicted by continuous and categorical latent variables (Muthén, Jo, & Brown, 2003; Muthén et al., 2010 ).
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